Which Payment Provider to Choose for Your Online Business

Which Payment Provider to Choose for Your Online Business © Shutterstock.com | City of AngelsIn this article, you will discover 1) an introduction to payment providers, 2) the importance of selecting a payment provider for your online business, 3) a step-by-step process for selecting a payment provider for your business, and 4) payment providers comparison.INTRODUCTION TO PAYMENT PROVIDERSWhat is online payment?An online payment is processed electronically over a computer network, usually the internet.As a business owner who conducts business online, you would surely have felt the need to use a payment method that is secure and reassuring. Online payment is the perfect answer. Every day, more and more businesses are adding online payment as a viable option apart from traditional cash and check transactions.Components of online paymentsPayment Gateways: A payment gateway is an e-commerce service that accepts the various payment requests from your website and channels it to the payment processor for processing. Payment gateways bring in a lo t of security features for your customers, like data encryption, and ensures that data is securely exchanged both between the customer and the merchant and between the merchant and the payment processor.Payment Processors: As the name suggests, a payment processor validates customers bank accounts, credit or debit cards, checks to see if there is a sufficient balance, and authorizes the transactions. Once transactions are authorized, the funds are debited from the customers account and transferred back to the payment gateway.Payment Service or Payment System: A payment service or a payment system is a service offered by payment providers that allows the customer to choose from different types of payment gateways. Credit cards have historically been the most preferred form of payment. However, other types of payment methods, such as smartcards, are gaining popularity.Payment Provider: A payment provider (also known as a payment service provider) is a company that manages all the serv ices related to online payment, like payment gateways and payment processors. A typical payment provider is simultaneously connected to several banks, cards and payment networks. Payment providers can be classified into three types:Distributors: A distributor is a payment provider that supports multiple online payment methods via a single interface.Collectors: A collector is similar in function to a distributor. However, collectors additionally collect payouts on your behalf without setting commission rates or fees.Aggregators: An aggregator supports multiple online payment methods via a single interface, collects payouts and contracts with banks or financial institutions.Merchant Account: A merchant account is a specialized account used to receive funds from online transactions via credit card or debit card. A merchant account often utilizes the services of payment processors, independent sales organizations and member service providers to perform transactions.How online transactio ns workOnce you have decided to sell your goods online, you will first need to hook up with a merchant account, although services like PayPal negate their use. Next, you will need to set up an account with a payment service provider. The final step is to set up your web page and connect it to an online payment service by placing a button or a simple hyperlink that your customer can press/click on to initiate online payment. While some websites incorporate the payment form in their web pages, others redirect it to their service providers website.Trusted online payment providersThere is an unending list of payment providers available. However, when you consider the most trusted ones, this list narrows down quite a bit. Below are some of the most widely-used online payment providers.Authorize.Net: With a customer base of over 400,000 and growing, Authorize.Net is one of the worlds leading payment providers. This service allows you to receive payments in the form of electronic checks an d credit cards. The Setup fee is a very nominal USD $49, with an additional USD $29 gateway fee chargeable every month.PayPal: A venture of the famous Elon Musk, PayPal is a very popular payment provider. The service allows both credit card and debit card transactions. However, the best part is that PayPal is entirely free there is no set-up charge, no gateway fee and no other monthly charges.SecurePay.com: SecurePay.com accepts mobile payments, has an online shopping cart set up and offers electronic check services. Fees are charged per transaction.Alipay: Alipay is a third party online payment provider founded by Jack Ma of Alibaba.com. Alipay does not charge any transaction fees and has the added advantage of an escrow service, which allows you to verify if your customers are actually happy with the product, before they release the payment.BitPay: With an increasing global presence, BitPay is one of the largest Bitcoin-based payment providers. BitPay has, over the last couple of years, partnered with multinational giants like Microsoft, NewEgg, TigerDirect, and Warner Bros.THE IMPORTANCE OF SELECTING A PAYMENT PROVIDER FOR YOUR ONLINE BUSINESSWhy do you need a payment provider at all?An online business is virtually impossible to conduct without the assistance of a payment provider. There are a few key reasons why you will need to use the services of a proficient payment provider.To meet and exceed customer expectations: Your customers are only human they always favor buying things from a site that makes it easy for them to pay. An online payment option is vital in the sense that customers view it as one of the easiest and most comfortable modes of payment. A website with an online payment method is always seen as up-to-the-minute and customer-friendly.To increase processing speed: It is undeniable that an online payment system significantly enhances payment processing speed. Online payments are far quicker than manual payment methods you dont have to wai t for the check to turn up and then for it to clear at the bank. Adopting an online payment option will deliver the payment to your account in a matter of a few seconds, thus enhancing cash It also secures your transactions by sending immediate confirmation messages. In addition, having an online payment option lets you know immediately that the customer has a sufficient bank balance, unlike manual transactions where checks may bounce later on.To simplify payment transactions: Online payment systems greatly simplify the transaction process. It doesnt require you to go to your bank to deposit the check, nor does it require you to manually record all payment transactions. All online transactions are automatically processed and all transactions are recorded and available for perusal on demand. You are also not required to handle or store any information pertaining to your customers credit and debit cards.A STEP-BY-STEP PROCESS FOR SELECTING A PAYMENT PROVIDER FOR YOUR BUSINESSBelow, we describe in detail, the steps you need to take to select the payment provider that works best for your business.Step 1: Understand what restrictions you have depending on what platform you use (is the payment gateway supported on  your ecommerce platform?).Since there are so many options in payment providers available, it becomes necessary to peruse and understand which ones are supported on your ecommerce platform. But its not enough that the payment system is supported on your platform you will need to browse through various additional features, like plug-ins, to decide on what payment provider to finally settle.Step 2: Select between Shopping Carts vs. Merchant Accounts.There are a lot of things to consider and know about how your ecommerce platform is structured before you can really decide what credit card payment options you are able to offer your customers. However, it is safe to state here that a merchant account is absolutely necessary for you to accept online payments. E ven though your website host is most likely to provide you some in-built shopping cart options, these alone arent enough for you to accept payments without a compatible merchant account.Your best bet might be to consider an all-in-one payment system, e.g., PayPal. These systems allow you to have both a shopping cart and a merchant account as part of a comprehensive plan. This virtually eliminates the need to have separate accounts, and since you will be paying for all the options as a single package, it saves you money too.Step 3: Understand the difference between payment gateways and merchant accounts, and define for your business whether you want to have payment gateways, merchant accounts or an all-in-one system.As a start-up seller, ready to go online, you will need to understand the basics of ecommerce and use your knowledge to set up a shop. It is important to understand the differences between payment gateways, payment processors and merchant accounts. You can then use your a cquired knowledge to analyze what works best for your business payment gateways with merchant accounts, or an all-in-one system.There are several options available on the market for payment gateways and payment processors they offer different features and options and have varying monthly rates, transaction costs and other charges.Step 4: Determine how you want your checkout to work.At this stage, you will want to think of a checkout strategy that works with your type of business and especially, the kind of customer base you plan to target. It may be beneficial for you to have your customers enter their payment details directly on your website. In that case, you will have to follow the following steps:Provide a payment form on your site. This is possibly one of the simplest ways to accept payment. However, this is also one of the least secure payment methods. So, in order to safely use this system, you will need to put a lot of security measures in place, which will, of course, not be cost efficient over the long term.Use iFrame or redirect. A better and more secure way of using a checkout form on your website is to encase it in a secure iFrame within your payment webpage. Another secure way would be to redirect the customer to a securely hosted payment page.Use a secure payment gateway. A secure payment gateway allows you to still use your own payment form on your website, but it channels the payment details through a secure route to the payment gateways own server.There are several types of payment gateways:Type 1 Hosted Payment GatewaysType 2 Pro / Self-Hosted Payment GatewaysType 3 API / Non-Hosted Payment Gateways Payments at Merchant’s siteType 4 Local Bank IntegrationType 5 Direct Payment GatewayType 6 â€" Platform-Based Payment Gateway SolutionsStep 5: Select the payment provider that supports specific payment methods you want to have for your business.There are various criteria that can help you settle on a payment provider, but it is mostly for your customers, whose needs you have to consider before you make that decision. So, based on your customers preferences and more importantly, their geographical location, you would have to decide whether it would be better to go for niche payment methods or stick to conventional ones like Visa and MasterCard. It is important to understand your customers needs or you will end up losing valuable sales prospects. Some payment methods that you can incorporate into your ecommerce platform are:Cash on DeliveryChecksCredit CardsDebit CardsDirect DebitsE-WalletsGift / Loyalty CardsInvoicesMobile Carrier BillingPrepaid CardsSpecialsStep 6: Select a payment provider based on what countries and in what currency (transaction and settlement currencies) your online business will be active.When dealing with global customers, it is important to understand that people prefer to pay in the currency of their country, and do not usually like to go through the hassles of having to convert to dollars or Euros, etc. when making a payment. It is always a big advantage if you are able to offer to your customers the option to pay in their own currencies. Also, its always better to have more than one payment option to offer your customers, especially if you are catering to a global audience.There are two things to base your selection of a payment provider on, when dealing with global customers:Base it on countries an online payment provider supports (Geographical Region Compatibility)Base it on currencies an online payment provider supports (Currency Compatibility)transaction currency this is the ability of your payment provider to accept various currencies like USD, Euro, GBP, Yen, etc.settlement currency this refers to the setting up of bank accounts in all the countries where you intend to operate, so as to facilitate acceptance of multiple currencies. Making such efforts to set up various settlement currency options will allow you to receive payment from your payment provider and route it to the applicable bank accounts, so that there is no need for any currency conversion.Step 7: Select your payment provider based on the fee system (fixed vs. variable) and given your budget.Fee Structure: Fees can be of the following types:Monthly feeFixed fee (per transaction)Variable fee (as a percentage of each transaction)Extra fee for chargebacks and international credit card transactions.To understand in detail what fee structure works best for you, it would be best for you to do some research online.Volume of Purchases (Volume Support): It is important to analyze beforehand what kind of purchase volumes you can expect for your ecommerce platform. Sales volumes are an essential factor in deciding what payment system would be best suited for your business. It is important to state here that in the case of most payment providers, the percentage fee charged decreases with an increase in the number of transactions.Recurring Payment Support: While most payment provider s support recurring payments, a few such as PayPal and Google Wallet do not support it. Also, most third-party software installed on your ecommerce platform arent likely to support recurring payments either. If your platform provides options such as automatic membership fees renewal, it is best to opt for a payment provider that provides recurring payment support.Step 8: Research security, compliance and anti-fraud features.It is imperative to add sound security features to your ecommerce platform so that fraudulent transactions are negated. A good, albeit underrated, feature would be to add 3D Secure to your website. It prevents fraudulent transactions from occurring and is a boon, especially when you have customers from the UK and Scandinavian countries.Also, if you are in a high-risk business, it would be your best bet to research the market for payment providers that specialize in high-risk payment processing.Last but not the least, you need to make sure that your payment provid er is PCI compliant. A non-PCI compliant payment provider can be dangerous to your business.PAYMENT PROVIDERS COMPARISONPaypalHow much does it cost? PayPal starts at 2.9% plus $0.30 per transaction.How does it work? One of the most popular payment processors, PayPal offers perks, such as a free card reader to enable mobile devices to accept card payments. Plus, with increasing monthly sales volumes, PayPal reduces the percentage of per-transaction fees. PayPal also offers Advanced and Pro plans with added features to woo your customers.Authorize.netHow much does it cost? net has a $99 setup fee and costs you $20 per month plus $0.10 per transaction and $0.25 per settled batch.How does it work? If yours is a high-volume business, then it would make sense to go for Authorize.net. The payment plan is standard for all customers. Authorize.net also offers a mobile app for receiving payments, but does not offer a card reader, unlike PayPal. The setup fee is one-time only and monthly fees areIntuit GoPaymentHow much does it cost? Intuit GoPayment starts at 2.75% per transaction. There is also a cheaper option of only $0.50 per transaction with zero monthly fees.How does it work? Intuit GoPayment allows integration with QuickBooks to simplify accounting and transaction management. It offers cheaper options for customers who make high dollar transactions.Comparison of Online Payment GatewaysPrice: While payment gateways like BeanStream, Dwolla, SagePay, Stripe, WePay and PayPal (regular) do not charge any monthly fees at all, certain gateways with enhanced features like PayPal Pro, Chargify and Authorize.net do charge monthly fees.Currency Support: PayPal supports up to 20 currency types, SagePay supports 19, while Stripe supports five.Top Ecommerce Platforms and Shopping Cart SoftwareSome of the top ecommerce platforms and shopping carts are Shopify, Volusion, Bigcommerce, LemonStand, SquareSpace and 3DCart. Of these, Shopify is the most popular. Shopify offers a free trial, starts from only $14.00, is SEO-friendly, has an app store and offline store, and provides round-the-clock support.

Essay On The French Revolution And American Revolution

The American and French Revolutions are both unforgettable historical events that have made a substantial and severe impact on the present-day society. The American Revolution was an influential time period, lasting from 1774-1783, where the 13 British colonies in the Americas rebelled against the rule of Great Britain for independence. The French Revolution was a period of chaos from 1789 to 1799, where the people of France tried to overthrow their monarchy, King Louis XVI. Both of these Revolutions can certainly be compared to emphasized the similarities and differences of these prominent uprisings. Though extensively similar, the Revolutions differed in what social classes made impacts, the ways of addressing opposing supporters, and†¦show more content†¦The lower-class citizens of France are those responsible for the outcome of the French Revolution. Overall, the French and American Revolution have different social classes that stressed the idea of freedom most and put their thoughts into actions. The American Revolution was not only shorter, but did not cost the Americans nearly as many lives throughout the war. The Americans viewed the life of their own people as a privilege that can be used to their advantage. In fact, the Continental Army included male colonists of a certain age that were required to join. Likewise, the Loyalists, those who supported Britain, were not killed and were left alone. Both of these examples show that the Americans saw that they would achieve greater success by putting their full focus on achieving independence from Britain, rather than executions. The more-radical and longer French Revolution, was more harsh and caused numerous amounts of people to be killed, sometimes for no true purpose. Under Robespierre, ruler of the National Convention and Public Safety Committee, the Terror Laws were passed, which stated that anyone who went against the revolution would be executed. Now, those who supported the king were immediately taken to the guillotin e to be publicly beheaded. According to Wikipedia, as many as 40,000 men and women were killed from the beginning to the end of the French Revolution. Another contrast betweenShow MoreRelatedAmerican and French Revolution - Essay1419 Words   |  6 PagesEssay Exam #1 1. The leaders of both the American and French Revolutions declared that their goal was to create a new political system based on the principles of liberty and equality. However, the interpretation of those ideas by the American Founding Fathers turned out to be distinctly different from that of the French revolutionaries. How did those different interpretations of the concepts of liberty and equality affect the outcomes and the legacies of both revolutions? 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Peter P A Story Of Our Childhood - 1216 Words

Peter Pan is a fairy story of our childhood. I am attractive in fairy tale with magic and mystery so Peter Pan is my choice for this project. Nowadays, Peter Pan is not only a fantasy story for children but also a story which gives adult happiness and the memories about their childhood. The famous fantasy novel from J.M.Barrie was adapted into a movie. Peter Pan is a story take place in Neverland, where is an imaginary land. The story is about the interesting adventures of Peter Pan, Wendy, Michael, and John. Peter Pan is my favorite charecter. He is a free spirited and mischievous young boy who can fly and never grows up. Peter Pan spends his never-ending adventures in Neverland, he is the leader of the lost†¦show more content†¦Peter drifts out to the sea, Wendy shoots up with Tinker Bell, Michael and John fly somewhere. Wendy follow Tinker Bell while Tinker Bell felt jealous and want to do bad thing to Wendy. There are 6 lost boys on the land. Tootles, who often accidenta lly misses out on the best adventures. Next in Nibs, carefree boy. Sightly, who loves to dance and to reminisce about his earthly life. Curly, who tends to get in trouble. Finally, Twins, who looks exactly the same, therefone, thay are always a little embarrassed. They all looking for Peter Pan, Next come the pirates, ugly, tattooed and murdered. Captain Hook is awful but handsome, he fears nothing but his own blood. Next come is Piccaninmy tribe. Their leader is a beautiful princess Tiger Lily. Wendy met 6 lost boys, they built house for her as she askes them to. They beg her to be their mom and she agrees. She let them come in and reads them a story, they happily fall asleep. The next day Peter Pan makes the place to sleep for Michael, John, Wendy. Wendy spends time to take care of the boys. 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List of Ministers and Advisors Free Essays

List of Ministers and Advisors | SL| Name| Designation| Joining Date | Distribution of Ministry/Division | Name| From| To| | | 1| Sheikh Hasina  | Prime Minister  | 6-01-2009  | Armed Forces Division   | 6-01-2009  | Till Date  | | Cabinet Division   | 6-01-2009  | Till Date  | | | Ministry of Defence   | 6-01-2009  | Till Date  | | | Ministry of Public Administration   | 28-04-2011  | Till Date  | | | 2| Mr. Abul Maal Abdul Muhith  | Minister  | 6-01-2009  | Ministry of Finance   | 6-01-2009  | Till Date  | | Finance Division   | 6-01-2009  | Till Date  | | | Economic Relations Division   | 6-01-2009  | Till Date  | | | Internal Resources Division   | 6-01-2009  | Till Date  | | | Bank and Financial Division   | 6-01-2009  | Till Date  | | | 3| Begum Matia Chowdhury  | Minister  | 6-01-2009  | Ministry of Agriculture   | 6-01-2009  | Till Date  | | 4| Mr. Abdul Latif Siddique  | Minister  | 6-01-2009  | Ministry of Textiles and Jute   | 6-01-2009  | Till Date  | | 5| Barrister Shafique Ahmed  | Minister  | 6-01-2009  | Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs   | 6-01-2009  | Till Date  | | Law and Justice Division   | 6-01-2009  | Till Date  | | | Legislative and Parliamentary Affairs Division   | 6-01-2009  | Till Date  | | | Parliament Secretariat   | 6-01-2009  | Till Date  | | | 6| Air Vice Marshal (Rtd. We will write a custom essay sample on List of Ministers and Advisors or any similar topic only for you Order Now ) A K Khandker  | Minister  | 6-01-2009  | Ministry of Planning   | 6-01-2009  | Till Date  | | Planning Division   | 6-01-2009  | Till Date  | | | Statistics and Informatics Division   | 6-01-2009  | Till Date  | | | Implementation, Monitoring and Evaluation Division   | 6-01-2009  | Till Date  | | | 7| Mr. Rajiuddin Ahmed Raju  | Minister  | 6-01-2009  | Ministry of Labour Employment   | 15-09-2012  | Till Date  | | 8| Advocate Shahara Khatun  | Minister  | 6-01-2009  | Ministry of Posts and Tele-Communications   | 15-09-2012  | Till Date  | | | Syed Ashraful Islam  | Minister  | 6-01-2009  | Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Co-operatives   | 6-01-2009  | Till Date  | | Local Government Division   | 6-01-2009  | Till Date  | | | Rural Development and Co-operatives Division   | 6-01-2009  | Till Date  | | | 10| Engr. Khandker Mosharraf Hossain  | Minister  | 6-01-2009  | Ministry of Expatriates’ Welfare and Overseas Employment   | 6-01-2009  | Till Date  | | 11| Mr. Suranjit Sen Gupta  | Minister  | 28-11-2011  | Without portfolio. | 17-04-2012  | Till Date  | | 12| Dr. Muhiuddin Khan Alamgir  | Minister  | 15-09-2012  | Ministry of Home Affairs   | 15-09-2012  | Till Date  | 13| Mr. Md. Rezaul Karim Hira  | Minister  | 6-01-2009  | Ministry of Land   | 6-01-2009  | Till Date  | | 14| Mr. Abul Kalam Azad  | Minister  | 6-01-2009  | Ministry of Cultural Affairs   | 6-01-2009  | Till Date  | | 15| Mr. Enamul Hoque Mustafa Shaheed  | Minister  | 6-01-2009  | Ministry of Social Welfare   | 6-01-2009  | Till Date  | | 16| Mr. Dilip Barua  | Minister  | 6-01-2009  | Ministry of Industries   | 6-01-2009  | Till Date  | | 17| Mr. Obaidul Quader  | Minister  | 28-11-2011  | Ministry of Communications   | 5-12-2011  | Till Date  | | Roads Division   | 5-12-2011  | Till Date  | | | Bridges Division   | 5-11-2011  | Till Date  | | | 18| Mr. Ramesh Chandra Sen  | Minister  | 6-01-2009  | Ministry of Water Resources   | 6-01-2009  | Till Date  | | 19| Mr. Ghulam Muhammed Quader  | Minister  | 6-01-2009  | Ministry of Commerce   | 5-12-2011  | Till Date  | | 20| Mr. Hasanul Haq Inu  | Minister  | 15-09-2012  | Ministry of Information   | 15-09-2012  | Till Date  | | 21| Mr. Muhammad Faruk Khan  | Minister  | 6-01-2009  | Ministry of Civil Aviation and Tourism   | 5-12-2011  | Till Date  | | 22| Dr. Md. Abdur Razzaque  | Minister  | 6-01-2009  | Ministry of Food   | 15-09-2012  | Till Date  | 23| Dr. Md. Afsarul Ameen  | Minister  | 6-01-2009  | Ministry of Primary and Mass Education   | 31-07-2009  | Till Date  | | 24| Dr. A. F. M. Ruhal Haque  | Minister  | 6-01-2009  | Ministry of Health and Family Welfare   | 6-01-2009  | Till Date  | | 25| Dr. Dipu Moni  | Minister  | 8-01-2009  | Ministry of Foreign Affairs   | 6-01-2009  | Till Date  | | 26| Mr. Nurul Islam Nahid  | Minister  | 6-01-2009  | Ministry of Education   | 6-01-2009  | Till Date  | | 27| Mr. Abdul Latif Biswas  | Minister  | 6-01-2009  | Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock   | 6-01-2009  | Till Date  | | 28| Mr. Shajahan Khan  | Minister  | 31-07-2009  | Ministry of Shipping   | 31-07-2009  | Till Date  | | 29| Dr. Hasan Mahmud  | Minister  | 28-11-2011  | Ministry of Environment and Forest   | 29-11-2011  | Till Date  | | 30| Mr. Abul Hasan Mahamood Ali  | Minister  | 15-09-2012  | Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief   | 15-09-2012  | Till Date  | | 31| Mr. Mostafa Faruque Mohammed  | Minister  | 15-09-2012  | Ministry of Information Communication Technology   | 15-09-2012  | Till Date  | | 32| Mr. Md. Mazibul Hoque  | Minister  | 15-09-2012  | Ministry of Railways   | 15-09-2012  | Till Date  | | 33| MR. H. T. Imam  | Adviser  | 7-01-2009  | Public Administration Affairs   | 5-06-2011  | Till Date  | | 34| Dr. Mashiur Rahman  | Adviser  | 7-01-2009  | Economic Adviser   | 22-01-2009  | Till Date  | | 35| Professor Dr. Syed Modasser Ali  | Adviser  | 7-01-2009  | Health Family Welfare and Social Welfare Affairs   | 22-01-2009  | Till Date  | | 36| Dr. Alauddin Ahmed  | Adviser  | 7-01-2009  | Education, Social Development and Political Affairs   | 22-01-2009  | Till Date  | | 37| Dr. Tawfiq-E-Elahi Chowdhury, BB  | Adviser  | 14-01-2009  | Adviser to the Hon’ble Prime Minister   | 14-01-2009  | Till Date  | | 8| Dr. Gowher Rizvi  | Adviser  | 9-07-2009  | International Relations Affairs   | 9-07-2009  | Till Date  | | 39| Advocate Mostafizur Rahman  | State Minister  | 6-01-2009  | Ministry of Land   | 31-07-2009  | Till Date  | | 40| Capt. A B Tajul Islam (Rtd. )  | State Minister  | 6-01-200 9  | Ministry of Liberation War Affairs   | 6-01-2009  | Till Date  | | 41| Arch. Yeafesh Osman  | State Minister  | 6-01-2009  | Ministry of Science and Technology   | 5-12-2011  | Till Date  | | 42| Begum Monnujan Sufian  | State Minister  | 6-01-2009  | Ministry of Labour ; Employment   | 6-01-2009  | Till Date  | | 43| Mr. Dipankar Talukdar  | State Minister  | 6-01-2009  | Ministry of Chittagong Hill Tracts Affairs   | 6-01-2009  | Till Date  | | 44| Mr. Ahad Ali Sarkar  | State Minister  | 6-01-2009  | Ministry of Youth and Sports   | 6-01-2009  | Till Date  | | 45| Advocate Md. Shahjahan Miah  | State Minister  | 24-01-2009  | Ministry of Religious Affairs   | 24-01-2009  | Till Date  | | 46| Advocate Abdul Mannan Khan  | State Minister  | 24-01-2009  | Ministry of Housing and Public Works   | 24-01-2009  | Till Date  | | 47| Advocate Md. Kamrul Islam  | State Minister  | 24-07-2009  | Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs   | 24-01-2009  | Till Date  | | Law and Justice Division   | 24-01-2009  | Till Date  | | | Legislative and Parliamentary Affairs Division   | 24-01-2009  | Till Date  | | | Parliament Secretariat   | 24-01-2009  | Till Date  | | | 48| Advocate Shamsul Hoque Tuku  | State Minister  | 24-01-2009  | Ministry of Home Affairs   | 31-07-2009  | Till Date  | | 49| Advocate Jahangir Kabir Nanak  | State Minister  | 24-01-2009  | Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Co-operatives   | 24-01-2009  | Till Date  | | Local Government Division   | 24-01-2009  | Till Date  | | | Rural Development and Co-operatives Division   | 24-01-2009  | Till Date  | | | 50| Mr. Md. Motahar Hossain  | State Minister  | 24-01-2009  | Ministry of Primary and Mass Education   | 24-01-2009  | Till Date  | | 51| Mr. Muhammad Enamul Huq  | State Minister  | 31-07-2009  | Ministry of Power, Energy and Mineral Resources   | 31-07-2009  | Till Date  | | Power Division   | 31-07-2009  | Till Date  | | | Energy and Mineral Resources Division   | 31-07-2009  | Till Date  | | | 52| Mr. Mozibur Rahman Fakir  | State Minister  | 31-07-2009  | Ministry of Health and Family Welfare   | 31-07-2009  | Till Date  | | 53| Mr. Promode Mankin  | State Minister  | 31-07-2009  | Ministry of Social Welfare   | 16-09-2012  | Till Date  | 54| Begum Shirin Sharmin Chaudhury  | State Minister  | 31-07-2009  | Ministry of Women and Children Affairs   | 31-07-2009  | Till Date  | | 55| Mr. Md. Mahabubur Rahaman  | State Minister  | 31-07-2009  | Ministry of Water Resources   | 31-07-2009  | Till Date  | | 5 6| Mr. Omor Faruk Chowdhury  | State Minister  | 15-09-2012  | Ministry of Industries   | 15-09-2012  | Till Date  | | 57| Mr. Md. Abdul Hyee  | State Minister  | 15-09-2012  | Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock   | 15-09-2012  | Till Date  | | 58| Maj. Gen. (Retd) Tarique Ahmed Siddique  | Adviser to the Hon’ble Prime Minister  | 8-01-2009  | | | | | How to cite List of Ministers and Advisors, Papers

Lab Questions free essay sample

Jazz is a musical style that originated at the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern USA. One of the contributions of Latino to the US, Latin jazz gained popularity In the sasss into the late sass. 2. They were the original Mambo Kings In New York In the ? 40? S and are considered the most Innovative and Influential orchestra In the genre. 3. Dizzy Gillespie Incorporated Latin music Into his music by the rhythmical of Latin music with Jazz ND also using Latin musicians in his band. . The Palladium was once a studio in New York but then was home of the mambo where people from different races danced and had fun. 5. The television and films increased the exposure because movies and television shows were exposing some genres of Latin music by dancing and singing in the shows and also in the films. 6. Latin music influenced rock music using some Latin rhythms in their songs to make their song even better. We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Questions or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 7.Latin sic had such a great influence on the development of popular music because popular music were using some Latin material in their songs and people were amazed to what they were listening to so more and more artists were using Latin rhythms In their music and It sounded great. 8. Well yes because I love dancing so when I listen to some songs to dance to I can hear the Latin material In the songs and It amazes me to know that Latin music Is really a big part of our music culture.

Meaning of Sovereignty and the Extent of Contemporary Nation

Meaning of Sovereignty and the Extent of Contemporary Nation Introduction Sovereignty is supreme authority inferred upon a country or state that makes it immune to jurisdiction outside its boundaries. For sovereignty to be achieved a territory a nation-state must have an effective government that exercises independency from the influences of other governments of other nation-state (McNeely p.38).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Meaning of Sovereignty and the Extent of Contemporary Nation-State Sovereignty specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper discusses the notion of sovereignty as applied to nation-states. The paper first examines the definition and concepts of sovereignty and then explores the application of sovereignty in the contemporary world. This paper notes that sovereignty has been overly responsible for the relative peace stability and prosperity among nation-states; however, there is a new form of war that exists within territories of nation-states, among vario us nation-states, that is threatening their capacity to exercise authority hence, their sovereignty. Other than the internal threat to sovereignty, nation-states are also losing their classical form of sovereignty to emerging multinational corporations and international organizations that exercise their authority of decision-making beyond traditional territorial boundaries. Contemporary nation-states are no longer sovereign if the classical definition of sovereignty is considered. This paper therefore offers a brief analysis of the contemporary view of sovereignty. Classical Definition of Sovereignty Sovereignty is an idea of supremacy and depends on the expression of absolute supremacy to suffice. The idea has been in existence as long as the formation of state boundaries goes. It forms the essence of having state boundaries to differentiate a state’s sovereignty from another (R. H. Jackson ix). Sovereignty forms the epicentre of political and legal application of the world. Initial conception of sovereignty occurred during the controversies and wars that engulfed seventeenth-century Europe and has evolved and spread in the present world (R. H. Jackson ix).Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the formation and organization of contemporary nation-states, state sovereignty forms the foundation. The sovereignty of the state follows opposite ideals from those followed by theocratic and transnational idea present in the medieval times such as the Latin Christendom. Sovereignty now extends across religions, cultures, languages, race and other divisions of humanity. With the advent of sovereignty as a global authority system, people can no longer live outside any jurisdiction of a sovereign state as was possible before the wide adoption of state sovereignty. Nation-state sovereignty is a political and legal of a state within a system that is r ecognized by other states. Origin of Sovereignty Kings and rulers, to respond to the circumstances facing their authority, in the sixteenth and seventeenth century Europe (Devenney p.154), worked out the idea of sovereignty. Further notable refinement of the idea of sovereignty was undertaken after the World War I. Allies in the war discussed very little about their goals and principles apart from military objectives and there was no clear distinction of the two sides in the war in terms of what was their view of the international order after the war. Each country in the war had its own intentions and coalitions developed based on superficial agreements. The US president Woodrow Wilson intervened on the arrangement of the Allied forces and came up with a statement of principles to differentiate each ally among themselves and from the central powers. Wilson declared that the war was as an end to all wars by formulating a balance of power, and creation of self-determination and democr acy for the world populations. Wilson defined a legitimate nation as one with a defined national population and with a government accountable to its people (Barkin and Cronin p.120). Britain and France eventually accepted the ideas brought up by Wilson after the war as the basis to form an international order. France in particular proposed a post war settlement that rests peace on the principles of self-determination and the protection of minority rights.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Meaning of Sovereignty and the Extent of Contemporary Nation-State Sovereignty specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Britain agreed that a lasting peace required the recognition of the sanctity of treaties, territorial dispute resolution based on self-determination and the establishment of international organizations that will thwart possibilities of future wars. Germany also turned to the program laid down by the president of the United States on the verge of their defeat (Barkin and Cronin p 121). The Principle stating that people should not be bartered from sovereignty to sovereignty came into play when Germany freed its former colonies and placed them in the protective wing of the League of Nations, which later appointed various nations as guardians (Barkin and Cronin p. 122). State Sovereignty The holder of sovereignty has authority in form of the right to command and the right to enjoy obedience within the boundaries where the jurisdiction is applicable (Phillpot para. 5). Territory is a principle of defining community members and offers a powerful definition that surpasses identity. All people inside a state fall under the authority of the state’s ruler. Modern sovereigns assume supremacy within geographical territories (Phillpot para. 7). Sovereignty exists in a plural form of many sovereign states in the world. The manner in which there states exercise their sovereignty is in relation to other sovere ign states. The political map of the world is only formed by states that demonstrate a sovereign authority. It might be argued that sovereignty can be shared such as the case of the European Union’s legal and political authority; however, this does not amount to supremacy because individual countries making the EU retain territorial sovereignty to address vital questions like peace and security (R. H. Jackson). Sovereignty has two dimensions, the inside of a territory where everybody within the territory subscribes to the authority of the government of the territory and the outside or external environment of the authority where its independence is tolerated and unharmed by other sovereigns.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A colonial government does not possess supremacy of decision in the world politics and therefore is not a sovereign state. It has to rely on external authority from its imperial powers to carryout commercial relations or declare war (Nash p.27). The authority of sovereignty has two absolutes. It either exists or does not. In the same manner, supremacy is also categorical, such that a government is either supreme or not supreme. However, power possessed by sovereigns is relative. It is a capacity to act concerning the activities of a government in relation to other activities involved. All governments have power structures to carry out decisions and policies. The extensiveness of the structures at the disposal of a government to exercise its authority within its boundaries sum up to its capacity, however the capacity does not give the government authority. Before the World War I, governments could assume authority by exercising their powers beyond their territories and colonize popul ations but the ability to use power to get authority became unlawful after the war (R. H. Jackson p.14-16). The recognition of treaties and independence of states makes all aggressions against other states unlawful and illegitimate. In the same manner that authority does not come out of power, it does not diminish in the absence of power. Weak governments are still sovereign. The argument of whether a state is strong or weak does not constitute the definition of sovereignty. Sovereignty is a matter of freedom from legal subordination to another authority (R. H. Jackson p. 16). For example, Mexico is a sovereign country and is a far weaker power economically and militarily than the United States. The difference in power significantly bears on the international relations of the two countries however; the power difference does not withdraw sovereignty of Mexico. Contemporary View of Sovereignty As an idea, sovereignty is evolving and the contemporary understanding of the idea is not th e same as the initial understanding in the sixteenth century (J. H. Jackson p. 788). The linkages also involve international organizations like the International Monetary Fund (IMF). These and other related reasons make the reader question the relevancy of sovereignty. The erosion of the idea of sovereignty as evidenced above does not warrant a total elimination of the principles that it. Instead, a new approach to understanding the extent of sovereignty is required. The antiquate version of sovereignty does not exist. The version of sovereignty that dwells on absolute supremacy of authority over subjects within a territory unchallenged by any higher law unless the nation consents in a meaningful way is antique. Subscription of the idea of sovereignty is not applicable in totality. The relative peace enjoyed in the world in the last two centuries has can be attributed to the concepts of sovereignty of nations. Sovereignty has cultivated world order through legal protections against any type of external intervention. It also forms the core of recognition of treaties, how international organizations are formed as well as how international law is developed. Without sovereignty, there would be no clear channel for representatives and market economies to emerge in many nations. In the contemporary world, sovereignty still serves as the basis of democracy, prosperity and peace. An Allocation of Power Analysis of Sovereignty The practical use of sovereignty today rests in the allocation of power of governments to make decisions. This means that certain set of decisions are supposed to take place at a nation-state level and not in the international level. To further understand this concept, the reader may ask is it is okay for governmental decisions to be made in Geneva or Washington, D.C. when the two cities are not within the territory of the government in question. In the current global politics power is allocated exclusively to state governments who then relinquis h some of it to international bodies through treaties and other international agreements. Allocation of power occurring among states is termed vertical allocation while subsidiarity of power within state entities like legislature, the executive and judiciary is termed horizontal power allocation. The decision on how to allocate power depends on answers to questions raised. Answers to problems facing a single area within a state like street lighting require allocation of power within the state entities however; complex issues such as food safety standards for the integrated global market efficiency pose deeper decision challenges on where to allocate decision-making power. A set of values are considered when looking at the task of allocating decision-making power. First, the reasons why governmental action at an international level is desired are formulated. In the case of international standardization, governments finds themselves in situations where failure to coordinate internatio nally leads to a damage for the states and others. Economically, factor mobility of capital and labour warrants placement of decision-making power on a higher level than the government. Environmental concerns also bring up reasons for having a bigger than state institution to make decisions mainly because environmental concerns are global commons and degradation in one part has negative externalities on another. Trade issues of monopoly may also form reasons to consider allocation of power at a higher hierarchical order than the state government (J. H. Jackson p. 782). Secondly, the principle of subsidiarity forms another value factor for allocating state power. This principle arises from the catholic philosophy of the nineteenth and early twentieth century (J. H. Jackson p. 782). It advocates for allocating decision-making power to the lowest level of state hierarchy in the interaction with constituents on the belief that only the state entities at the closest to constituents know the needs of the constituents. Accountability at the lowest government is guaranteed because decisions made directly affect constituents. The notion of subsidiarity was the basis of various movements for decolonization in the nineteenth century (J. H. Jackson p. 793). John H. Jackson discusses the modern interpretation of sovereignty as a focus on subsidiarity. He notes that subsidiarity proposes that government functions are allocated within a hierarchical government institution framework to those most near the constituents (Amar p.1427-1429). He attributes these anomalies to the division of sovereignty to facilitate diplomatic compromise. Furthermore, he concludes that the concept of sovereignty appears to be misleading and affords politicians and the media an excuse to avoid complex thinking about real policies involved in international relations (J. H. Jackson p. 788). Thirdly, there are factor values that support both subsidiarity and higher allocation of power. Such a factor a rises when the discussion centres on a particular issue and leadership divisions emerge on whether to use state entities on top of the power hierarchy or at the bottom. For example, a policy to prevent a government misuse of power might receive arguments for implementation at an international level however; those arguing against such a move will point out the chances of power misuse at the international level brought out by increased bureaucracy. The essence of having a power analysis is to overcome hypocrisy that surrounds the concepts of sovereignty. The analysis has pointed out other factors that concern the sovereignty of a state, other than the core authority issues. Sovereignty in contemporary world faces various challenges brought out by instant communication, fast and cheap transportation, weapons of mass destruction and emerging viral diseases. A new concept of sovereignty is required to cope with these and other emerging challenges (J. H. Jackson p. 799-802). The Modern Th reats of Classical Nation-State Sovereignty Gangs There is a silent war going on in part of the major continents of the world. The protagonists of the war have been designated are street gangs and their allies. The new war is undermining national sovereignty of the affected countries daily. The illicit commercial motives of these gangs have become a portentous political agenda (Jouvenel p.98). This paper has discussed state sovereignty based on the concept of supreme authority within a territory and the independence from other authorities outside the nation-state. The kind of gangs referred here do not undermine state sovereignty by interfering with its independence through a major coup or in prolonged revolutionary wars as has been observed with insurgents and rebel groups. Instead, gangs take control of a street at a time, a business at a time or a government office at a time. When governments fail to extend their legitimate sovereign presence throughout their national territory, they leave a vacuum that gang, cartels, insurgents and other power competing interests to operate. The gangs and other illegitimate groups challenge the state authority in the following five major ways as described by Manwaring (p.10-11). Gangs strain governments’ capacity and therefore power to exercise its authority. They undermine the principle of sovereignty as the right to be obeyed by subjects within a territorial boundary. Secondly, gangs challenge the legitimacy of the state especially where the state is unable to exercise jurisdiction due to corruption challenges and an inferior political system that does not function well to provide basic goods and services for its constituents. Thirdly, the challenge of sovereignty come to play when gangs act as surrogate governments in the areas ungoverned by the legitimate government due to inadequate capacity. Fourth, these gangs dominate the informal economic sector, form business that do not fall under formal state regulation and use coercion and co-optation of government authorities so that they have an upper hand in the competition with legitimate businesses. The slow and indirect means that gangs undermine state authority within its boundaries result to a gradual sliding of the state to failure where the state loses all capacity and will to exercise its authority within its territory through state entities (Manwaring p.14-16). Empires To abandon sovereignty entirely is not feasible because it forms the fabric of international law. However, the modern world has numerous examples in which sovereignty in its classical definition faces neglect (J. H. Jackson p.788). A new form of sovereignty is emerging in the global world that supersedes the sovereignty of individual nations. Shumaker (p.92) has named this new form of sovereignty; an empire, because its authority moves traditional territorial boundaries and is only limited by mobile or temporary boundaries. In the globalized world empires exist in milita ry formation, international trade formation and political formations. The nature of the formation of the empire determines the extent of sovereignty that the empire exercises. An empire succeeds a combination of monarchy, aristocracy and democracy such that it assumes different characteristics of each type of government at any single time. In military conflict the pentagon as the military arm of the United States rules over the world with its array of weapons of mass and vast destruction (Khagram p.110). International economic institutions like the World Bank and World Trade Organization also fit the description of monarch empires when they exercise their jurisdiction beyond traditional boundaries (J. H. Jackson p. 789). Aristocracy tendencies of empires appear when few elitist states govern the flow of economic affairs of the world as well as international governance. Such an empire exists in form of the G8 meetings or the UN Security Council meetings and the exercise of their auth ority, which covers other states that have no capacity to exercise the same authority (Schumaker p.92). International corporations also act as aristocracies by monopolizing trade in certain types of goods by controlling all production levels of the good around the globe. These corporations are able to determine how domestic policies of a country shape up through the influence of capital inflows to the countries. Major world corporations like Wal-Mart, Coca Cola and General Electric have turnovers that dwarf the GDP of some developing countries (Baker, Gamble and Seawright p.400). Lastly, empires demonstrate democratic characteristics when they claim to represent the global population even though such a claim is often illusionary (Schumaker p.92). Nation-states forming the membership of the United Nations are assumed to represent the interest of their individual populations (Nash p.46-48). An empire therefore claims sovereignty over existing sovereign nation-states. Now nations canno t claim absolute independence from other sovereign states because there is a higher authority that oversees the various implementation of jurisdiction among nation-states. The dominant nation-states of the world enjoy a higher level of sovereignty than the subordinate nation-states. The transformation of the global sovereignty from individual nation-states to global empires such as international institutions has only been effective for dominant nation-states. In some cases, national sovereignty was not a reality, as countries claiming to be sovereign did not have capacity to exercise independent authority within their territories. The undermining of authority was brought up by reliance on dominant nation-states for governance assistance that came with influence of domestic affairs and international commitments to suit those of the dominant nation-state (Devenney p.92). Conclusion The classical definition of sovereignty specifies the need for a nation-state to have independence in ex ercising authority within its territorial boundaries. The exercise of this authority is categorical and is determined by the power or capacity that the nation-state has. Any threat to the authority exercised by the nation-state within its boundaries amounts to a threat to its sovereignty. Therefore, in the contemporary world characterised by international organizations, multinational corporations whose jurisdiction extends beyond traditional territorial borders, nation-states cease to be sovereign in the absolute sense of the idea of sovereignty (Opello and Rosow p.94). Amar, Akhil Reed. â€Å"Of Sovereignty and Federalism.† 1987. Faculty Schorlaship Series. Web. Baker, David, Andrew Gamble and David Seawright. â€Å"Soveriegn nations and global markets: mordern British Concervatism and hyperglobalism.† British Journal of Politics and International Relations 4.3 (2002): 399-428. Barkin, Samuel and Bruce Cronin. â€Å"The State and the Nation: Changing Norms and the R ules of Sovereignty in International Relations.† International Organization 48.1 (1994): 107-130. Devenney, Mark. Ethics and politica in contemporary thoery: between critical theory and post marxism. London: Routledge, 2004. Jackson, John H. â€Å"Sovereignty-Mordern: A new approach to an outdated concept.† The American Journal of International Law 97 (2003): 782-802. Jackson, Robert H. Sovereignty: evolution of an idea. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2007. Jouvenel, Bertrand de. Sovereignty: an inquiry into the political good. London: The Syndics of The Cambridge University Press, 1957. Khagram, Sanjeev. â€Å"Possible Future Architectures of Global Governance: A Transnational Perspective/Prospective.† Global Governance 12 (2006): 97-177. Manwaring, Max G. â€Å"A Contemporary challenge to state sovereignty: gangs and other illicit transnational criminal organizations in central America, El Salvador, Mexico, Jamaica and Brazil.† 2007. Strategic Studies Inst itute. Web. McNeely, Connie L. Constructing the nation-state: international organization and prescriptive Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1995. Nash, Kate. Contemporary Political Sociology: Globalization, Politics and Power. West Sussex: Blackwell Publishers, 2010. Opello, Walter C Jr. and Stephen Rosow. The Nation-State and Global Order: A Historical Introduction to Contemporary Politics. 2nd. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2004. Phillpot, Dan. â€Å"Sovereignty.† n.d. The Stanford Encyclopedea of Philosophy(Summer 2010 Edition). Web. Schumaker, Paul. The Political Theory Reader. West Sussex: Blackwell Publishing, 2010.

Frank Lloyd Wrights Plan for a Fireproof House

Frank Lloyd Wright's Plan for a Fireproof House Perhaps it was the 1906 earthquake and great fire in San Francisco that eventually inspired Frank Lloyd Wrights April 1907 Ladies Home Journal (LHJ) article, A Fireproof House for $5000. Dutch-born Edward Bok, LHJ editor-in-chief from 1889 to 1919, saw great promise in Wrights early designs. In 1901 Bok published Wrights plans for A Home in a Prairie Town and A Small House with Lots of Room in It. The articles, including the fireproof house, included sketches and floor plans designed exclusively for the LHJ. Its no wonder that the journal was the first magazine in the world to have one million subscribers. The design for the fireproof house is very Wright- simple and modern, somewhere between Prairie style and Usonian. By 1910 Wright was comparing what he called the concrete house of The Ladies Home Journal with his other flat-roofed, concrete projects, including Unity Temple. Characteristics of Wrights 1907 Fireproof House Simple Design: The floor plan shows a typical American Foursquare, popular at the time. With four sides of equal dimensions, concrete forms could be made once and used four times. To give the house visual width or depth, a simple trellis has been added, extending from the entrance. Center stairs near the entrance provide easy access to all parts of the house. This house is designed with no attic, but includes a dry, well-lighted basement storeroom. Concrete Construction: Wright was a great promoter of reinforced concrete construction- especially as it became more affordable for homeowners. Changing industrial conditions have brought reenforced concrete construction within the reach of the average home-maker, Wright claims in the article. The steel and masonry material provides not only fire protection, but also protection from dampness, heat, and cold. A structure of this type is more enduring than if carved intact from solid stone, for it is not only a masonry monolith but interlaced with steel fibres as well. For those unfamiliar with the process of working with this building material, Wright described that you make the forms using narrow flooring smoothed on the side toward the concrete and oiled. This would make the surface smooth. Wright wrote: In the composition of the concrete for the outside walls only finely-screened birds-eye gravel is used with cement enough added to fill the voids. This mixture is put into the boxes quite dry and tamped. When the forms are removed the outside is washed with a solution of hydrochloric acid, which cuts the cement from the outer face of the pebbles, and the whole surface glistens like a piece of grey granite. Flat, Concrete Slab Roof: The walls, floors and roof of this house, writes Wright, are monolithic casting, formed in the usual manner by means of wooden, false work, the chimney at the centre carrying, like a huge post, the central load of floor and roof construction. Five-inch thick reinforced gravel concrete creates fireproof floors and a roof slab that overhangs to protect the walls. The roof is treated with tar and gravel and  angled to drain not over the cold edges of the house, but into a downspout near the winter-warm center chimney. Closable Eaves: Wright explains that To afford further protection to the second-story rooms from the heat of the sun a false ceiling is provided of plastered metal lath hanging eight inches below the bottom of the roof slab, leaving a circulating air space above, exhausted to the large open space in the centre of the chimney. Controlling the air circulation in this space (by a simple device reached from the second-story windows) is a familiar system used today in fire-prone areas- left open in summer and closed in winter and for protection from blowing embers. Plaster Interior Walls: All the interior partitions are of metal lath plastered both sides, writes Wright, or of three-inch tile set upon the floor slabs after the reinforced concrete construction is complete. After coating the inside surfaces of the outside concrete walls with a non-conducting paint, or lining them with a plaster-board, the whole is plastered two coats with a rough sand finish. The interior is trimmed with light wood strips nailed to small, porous terra-cotta blocks, which are set into the forms at the proper points before the forms are filled with the concrete. Metal Windows: Wrights design for a fireproof house includes casement windows, swinging outward....The outer sash might at no very great additional expense be made of metal. Minimal Landscaping: Frank Lloyd Wright fully believed that his design could stand on its own. As an added grace in summer foliage and flowers are arranged for as a decorative feature of the design, the only ornamentation. In winter the building is well proportioned and complete without them. Known Examples of Frank Lloyd Wright Fireproof Houses 1908: Stockman Museum, Mason City, Iowa1915: Edmund F. Brigham House, Glencoe, Illinois1915: Emil Bach House, Chicago, Illinois Resources and Further Reading Edward Bok, Bok Tower Gardens National Historic Landmark website Frank Lloyd Wright On Architecture: Selected Writings (1894-1940), Frederick Gutheim, ed., Grossets Universal Library, 1941, p. 75 A Fireproof House for $5000, by Frank Lloyd Wright, Ladies Home Journal, April 1907, p. 24. A copy of the article was on the website of the Stockman House Museum, River City Society for Historic Preservation, Mason City, IA at www.stockmanhouse.org/lhj.html [accessed August 20, 2012]Visit the Emil Bach House at gowright.org/visit/bachhouse.html, Frank Lloyd Wright Preservation TrustGlencoes Notable Architecture, The Village of Glencoe; Antique Home Style has reproduced A Fireproof House for $5000 [accessed October 5, 2013]