Lab Questions free essay sample

Jazz is a musical style that originated at the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern USA. One of the contributions of Latino to the US, Latin jazz gained popularity In the sasss into the late sass. 2. They were the original Mambo Kings In New York In the ? 40? S and are considered the most Innovative and Influential orchestra In the genre. 3. Dizzy Gillespie Incorporated Latin music Into his music by the rhythmical of Latin music with Jazz ND also using Latin musicians in his band. . The Palladium was once a studio in New York but then was home of the mambo where people from different races danced and had fun. 5. The television and films increased the exposure because movies and television shows were exposing some genres of Latin music by dancing and singing in the shows and also in the films. 6. Latin music influenced rock music using some Latin rhythms in their songs to make their song even better. We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Questions or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 7.Latin sic had such a great influence on the development of popular music because popular music were using some Latin material in their songs and people were amazed to what they were listening to so more and more artists were using Latin rhythms In their music and It sounded great. 8. Well yes because I love dancing so when I listen to some songs to dance to I can hear the Latin material In the songs and It amazes me to know that Latin music Is really a big part of our music culture.

Meaning of Sovereignty and the Extent of Contemporary Nation

Meaning of Sovereignty and the Extent of Contemporary Nation Introduction Sovereignty is supreme authority inferred upon a country or state that makes it immune to jurisdiction outside its boundaries. For sovereignty to be achieved a territory a nation-state must have an effective government that exercises independency from the influences of other governments of other nation-state (McNeely p.38).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Meaning of Sovereignty and the Extent of Contemporary Nation-State Sovereignty specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper discusses the notion of sovereignty as applied to nation-states. The paper first examines the definition and concepts of sovereignty and then explores the application of sovereignty in the contemporary world. This paper notes that sovereignty has been overly responsible for the relative peace stability and prosperity among nation-states; however, there is a new form of war that exists within territories of nation-states, among vario us nation-states, that is threatening their capacity to exercise authority hence, their sovereignty. Other than the internal threat to sovereignty, nation-states are also losing their classical form of sovereignty to emerging multinational corporations and international organizations that exercise their authority of decision-making beyond traditional territorial boundaries. Contemporary nation-states are no longer sovereign if the classical definition of sovereignty is considered. This paper therefore offers a brief analysis of the contemporary view of sovereignty. Classical Definition of Sovereignty Sovereignty is an idea of supremacy and depends on the expression of absolute supremacy to suffice. The idea has been in existence as long as the formation of state boundaries goes. It forms the essence of having state boundaries to differentiate a state’s sovereignty from another (R. H. Jackson ix). Sovereignty forms the epicentre of political and legal application of the world. Initial conception of sovereignty occurred during the controversies and wars that engulfed seventeenth-century Europe and has evolved and spread in the present world (R. H. Jackson ix).Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the formation and organization of contemporary nation-states, state sovereignty forms the foundation. The sovereignty of the state follows opposite ideals from those followed by theocratic and transnational idea present in the medieval times such as the Latin Christendom. Sovereignty now extends across religions, cultures, languages, race and other divisions of humanity. With the advent of sovereignty as a global authority system, people can no longer live outside any jurisdiction of a sovereign state as was possible before the wide adoption of state sovereignty. Nation-state sovereignty is a political and legal of a state within a system that is r ecognized by other states. Origin of Sovereignty Kings and rulers, to respond to the circumstances facing their authority, in the sixteenth and seventeenth century Europe (Devenney p.154), worked out the idea of sovereignty. Further notable refinement of the idea of sovereignty was undertaken after the World War I. Allies in the war discussed very little about their goals and principles apart from military objectives and there was no clear distinction of the two sides in the war in terms of what was their view of the international order after the war. Each country in the war had its own intentions and coalitions developed based on superficial agreements. The US president Woodrow Wilson intervened on the arrangement of the Allied forces and came up with a statement of principles to differentiate each ally among themselves and from the central powers. Wilson declared that the war was as an end to all wars by formulating a balance of power, and creation of self-determination and democr acy for the world populations. Wilson defined a legitimate nation as one with a defined national population and with a government accountable to its people (Barkin and Cronin p.120). Britain and France eventually accepted the ideas brought up by Wilson after the war as the basis to form an international order. France in particular proposed a post war settlement that rests peace on the principles of self-determination and the protection of minority rights.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Meaning of Sovereignty and the Extent of Contemporary Nation-State Sovereignty specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Britain agreed that a lasting peace required the recognition of the sanctity of treaties, territorial dispute resolution based on self-determination and the establishment of international organizations that will thwart possibilities of future wars. Germany also turned to the program laid down by the president of the United States on the verge of their defeat (Barkin and Cronin p 121). The Principle stating that people should not be bartered from sovereignty to sovereignty came into play when Germany freed its former colonies and placed them in the protective wing of the League of Nations, which later appointed various nations as guardians (Barkin and Cronin p. 122). State Sovereignty The holder of sovereignty has authority in form of the right to command and the right to enjoy obedience within the boundaries where the jurisdiction is applicable (Phillpot para. 5). Territory is a principle of defining community members and offers a powerful definition that surpasses identity. All people inside a state fall under the authority of the state’s ruler. Modern sovereigns assume supremacy within geographical territories (Phillpot para. 7). Sovereignty exists in a plural form of many sovereign states in the world. The manner in which there states exercise their sovereignty is in relation to other sovere ign states. The political map of the world is only formed by states that demonstrate a sovereign authority. It might be argued that sovereignty can be shared such as the case of the European Union’s legal and political authority; however, this does not amount to supremacy because individual countries making the EU retain territorial sovereignty to address vital questions like peace and security (R. H. Jackson). Sovereignty has two dimensions, the inside of a territory where everybody within the territory subscribes to the authority of the government of the territory and the outside or external environment of the authority where its independence is tolerated and unharmed by other sovereigns.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A colonial government does not possess supremacy of decision in the world politics and therefore is not a sovereign state. It has to rely on external authority from its imperial powers to carryout commercial relations or declare war (Nash p.27). The authority of sovereignty has two absolutes. It either exists or does not. In the same manner, supremacy is also categorical, such that a government is either supreme or not supreme. However, power possessed by sovereigns is relative. It is a capacity to act concerning the activities of a government in relation to other activities involved. All governments have power structures to carry out decisions and policies. The extensiveness of the structures at the disposal of a government to exercise its authority within its boundaries sum up to its capacity, however the capacity does not give the government authority. Before the World War I, governments could assume authority by exercising their powers beyond their territories and colonize popul ations but the ability to use power to get authority became unlawful after the war (R. H. Jackson p.14-16). The recognition of treaties and independence of states makes all aggressions against other states unlawful and illegitimate. In the same manner that authority does not come out of power, it does not diminish in the absence of power. Weak governments are still sovereign. The argument of whether a state is strong or weak does not constitute the definition of sovereignty. Sovereignty is a matter of freedom from legal subordination to another authority (R. H. Jackson p. 16). For example, Mexico is a sovereign country and is a far weaker power economically and militarily than the United States. The difference in power significantly bears on the international relations of the two countries however; the power difference does not withdraw sovereignty of Mexico. Contemporary View of Sovereignty As an idea, sovereignty is evolving and the contemporary understanding of the idea is not th e same as the initial understanding in the sixteenth century (J. H. Jackson p. 788). The linkages also involve international organizations like the International Monetary Fund (IMF). These and other related reasons make the reader question the relevancy of sovereignty. The erosion of the idea of sovereignty as evidenced above does not warrant a total elimination of the principles that it. Instead, a new approach to understanding the extent of sovereignty is required. The antiquate version of sovereignty does not exist. The version of sovereignty that dwells on absolute supremacy of authority over subjects within a territory unchallenged by any higher law unless the nation consents in a meaningful way is antique. Subscription of the idea of sovereignty is not applicable in totality. The relative peace enjoyed in the world in the last two centuries has can be attributed to the concepts of sovereignty of nations. Sovereignty has cultivated world order through legal protections against any type of external intervention. It also forms the core of recognition of treaties, how international organizations are formed as well as how international law is developed. Without sovereignty, there would be no clear channel for representatives and market economies to emerge in many nations. In the contemporary world, sovereignty still serves as the basis of democracy, prosperity and peace. An Allocation of Power Analysis of Sovereignty The practical use of sovereignty today rests in the allocation of power of governments to make decisions. This means that certain set of decisions are supposed to take place at a nation-state level and not in the international level. To further understand this concept, the reader may ask is it is okay for governmental decisions to be made in Geneva or Washington, D.C. when the two cities are not within the territory of the government in question. In the current global politics power is allocated exclusively to state governments who then relinquis h some of it to international bodies through treaties and other international agreements. Allocation of power occurring among states is termed vertical allocation while subsidiarity of power within state entities like legislature, the executive and judiciary is termed horizontal power allocation. The decision on how to allocate power depends on answers to questions raised. Answers to problems facing a single area within a state like street lighting require allocation of power within the state entities however; complex issues such as food safety standards for the integrated global market efficiency pose deeper decision challenges on where to allocate decision-making power. A set of values are considered when looking at the task of allocating decision-making power. First, the reasons why governmental action at an international level is desired are formulated. In the case of international standardization, governments finds themselves in situations where failure to coordinate internatio nally leads to a damage for the states and others. Economically, factor mobility of capital and labour warrants placement of decision-making power on a higher level than the government. Environmental concerns also bring up reasons for having a bigger than state institution to make decisions mainly because environmental concerns are global commons and degradation in one part has negative externalities on another. Trade issues of monopoly may also form reasons to consider allocation of power at a higher hierarchical order than the state government (J. H. Jackson p. 782). Secondly, the principle of subsidiarity forms another value factor for allocating state power. This principle arises from the catholic philosophy of the nineteenth and early twentieth century (J. H. Jackson p. 782). It advocates for allocating decision-making power to the lowest level of state hierarchy in the interaction with constituents on the belief that only the state entities at the closest to constituents know the needs of the constituents. Accountability at the lowest government is guaranteed because decisions made directly affect constituents. The notion of subsidiarity was the basis of various movements for decolonization in the nineteenth century (J. H. Jackson p. 793). John H. Jackson discusses the modern interpretation of sovereignty as a focus on subsidiarity. He notes that subsidiarity proposes that government functions are allocated within a hierarchical government institution framework to those most near the constituents (Amar p.1427-1429). He attributes these anomalies to the division of sovereignty to facilitate diplomatic compromise. Furthermore, he concludes that the concept of sovereignty appears to be misleading and affords politicians and the media an excuse to avoid complex thinking about real policies involved in international relations (J. H. Jackson p. 788). Thirdly, there are factor values that support both subsidiarity and higher allocation of power. Such a factor a rises when the discussion centres on a particular issue and leadership divisions emerge on whether to use state entities on top of the power hierarchy or at the bottom. For example, a policy to prevent a government misuse of power might receive arguments for implementation at an international level however; those arguing against such a move will point out the chances of power misuse at the international level brought out by increased bureaucracy. The essence of having a power analysis is to overcome hypocrisy that surrounds the concepts of sovereignty. The analysis has pointed out other factors that concern the sovereignty of a state, other than the core authority issues. Sovereignty in contemporary world faces various challenges brought out by instant communication, fast and cheap transportation, weapons of mass destruction and emerging viral diseases. A new concept of sovereignty is required to cope with these and other emerging challenges (J. H. Jackson p. 799-802). The Modern Th reats of Classical Nation-State Sovereignty Gangs There is a silent war going on in part of the major continents of the world. The protagonists of the war have been designated are street gangs and their allies. The new war is undermining national sovereignty of the affected countries daily. The illicit commercial motives of these gangs have become a portentous political agenda (Jouvenel p.98). This paper has discussed state sovereignty based on the concept of supreme authority within a territory and the independence from other authorities outside the nation-state. The kind of gangs referred here do not undermine state sovereignty by interfering with its independence through a major coup or in prolonged revolutionary wars as has been observed with insurgents and rebel groups. Instead, gangs take control of a street at a time, a business at a time or a government office at a time. When governments fail to extend their legitimate sovereign presence throughout their national territory, they leave a vacuum that gang, cartels, insurgents and other power competing interests to operate. The gangs and other illegitimate groups challenge the state authority in the following five major ways as described by Manwaring (p.10-11). Gangs strain governments’ capacity and therefore power to exercise its authority. They undermine the principle of sovereignty as the right to be obeyed by subjects within a territorial boundary. Secondly, gangs challenge the legitimacy of the state especially where the state is unable to exercise jurisdiction due to corruption challenges and an inferior political system that does not function well to provide basic goods and services for its constituents. Thirdly, the challenge of sovereignty come to play when gangs act as surrogate governments in the areas ungoverned by the legitimate government due to inadequate capacity. Fourth, these gangs dominate the informal economic sector, form business that do not fall under formal state regulation and use coercion and co-optation of government authorities so that they have an upper hand in the competition with legitimate businesses. The slow and indirect means that gangs undermine state authority within its boundaries result to a gradual sliding of the state to failure where the state loses all capacity and will to exercise its authority within its territory through state entities (Manwaring p.14-16). Empires To abandon sovereignty entirely is not feasible because it forms the fabric of international law. However, the modern world has numerous examples in which sovereignty in its classical definition faces neglect (J. H. Jackson p.788). A new form of sovereignty is emerging in the global world that supersedes the sovereignty of individual nations. Shumaker (p.92) has named this new form of sovereignty; an empire, because its authority moves traditional territorial boundaries and is only limited by mobile or temporary boundaries. In the globalized world empires exist in milita ry formation, international trade formation and political formations. The nature of the formation of the empire determines the extent of sovereignty that the empire exercises. An empire succeeds a combination of monarchy, aristocracy and democracy such that it assumes different characteristics of each type of government at any single time. In military conflict the pentagon as the military arm of the United States rules over the world with its array of weapons of mass and vast destruction (Khagram p.110). International economic institutions like the World Bank and World Trade Organization also fit the description of monarch empires when they exercise their jurisdiction beyond traditional boundaries (J. H. Jackson p. 789). Aristocracy tendencies of empires appear when few elitist states govern the flow of economic affairs of the world as well as international governance. Such an empire exists in form of the G8 meetings or the UN Security Council meetings and the exercise of their auth ority, which covers other states that have no capacity to exercise the same authority (Schumaker p.92). International corporations also act as aristocracies by monopolizing trade in certain types of goods by controlling all production levels of the good around the globe. These corporations are able to determine how domestic policies of a country shape up through the influence of capital inflows to the countries. Major world corporations like Wal-Mart, Coca Cola and General Electric have turnovers that dwarf the GDP of some developing countries (Baker, Gamble and Seawright p.400). Lastly, empires demonstrate democratic characteristics when they claim to represent the global population even though such a claim is often illusionary (Schumaker p.92). Nation-states forming the membership of the United Nations are assumed to represent the interest of their individual populations (Nash p.46-48). An empire therefore claims sovereignty over existing sovereign nation-states. Now nations canno t claim absolute independence from other sovereign states because there is a higher authority that oversees the various implementation of jurisdiction among nation-states. The dominant nation-states of the world enjoy a higher level of sovereignty than the subordinate nation-states. The transformation of the global sovereignty from individual nation-states to global empires such as international institutions has only been effective for dominant nation-states. In some cases, national sovereignty was not a reality, as countries claiming to be sovereign did not have capacity to exercise independent authority within their territories. The undermining of authority was brought up by reliance on dominant nation-states for governance assistance that came with influence of domestic affairs and international commitments to suit those of the dominant nation-state (Devenney p.92). Conclusion The classical definition of sovereignty specifies the need for a nation-state to have independence in ex ercising authority within its territorial boundaries. The exercise of this authority is categorical and is determined by the power or capacity that the nation-state has. Any threat to the authority exercised by the nation-state within its boundaries amounts to a threat to its sovereignty. Therefore, in the contemporary world characterised by international organizations, multinational corporations whose jurisdiction extends beyond traditional territorial borders, nation-states cease to be sovereign in the absolute sense of the idea of sovereignty (Opello and Rosow p.94). Amar, Akhil Reed. â€Å"Of Sovereignty and Federalism.† 1987. Faculty Schorlaship Series. Web. Baker, David, Andrew Gamble and David Seawright. â€Å"Soveriegn nations and global markets: mordern British Concervatism and hyperglobalism.† British Journal of Politics and International Relations 4.3 (2002): 399-428. Barkin, Samuel and Bruce Cronin. â€Å"The State and the Nation: Changing Norms and the R ules of Sovereignty in International Relations.† International Organization 48.1 (1994): 107-130. Devenney, Mark. Ethics and politica in contemporary thoery: between critical theory and post marxism. London: Routledge, 2004. Jackson, John H. â€Å"Sovereignty-Mordern: A new approach to an outdated concept.† The American Journal of International Law 97 (2003): 782-802. Jackson, Robert H. Sovereignty: evolution of an idea. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2007. Jouvenel, Bertrand de. Sovereignty: an inquiry into the political good. London: The Syndics of The Cambridge University Press, 1957. Khagram, Sanjeev. â€Å"Possible Future Architectures of Global Governance: A Transnational Perspective/Prospective.† Global Governance 12 (2006): 97-177. Manwaring, Max G. â€Å"A Contemporary challenge to state sovereignty: gangs and other illicit transnational criminal organizations in central America, El Salvador, Mexico, Jamaica and Brazil.† 2007. Strategic Studies Inst itute. Web. McNeely, Connie L. Constructing the nation-state: international organization and prescriptive Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1995. Nash, Kate. Contemporary Political Sociology: Globalization, Politics and Power. West Sussex: Blackwell Publishers, 2010. Opello, Walter C Jr. and Stephen Rosow. The Nation-State and Global Order: A Historical Introduction to Contemporary Politics. 2nd. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2004. Phillpot, Dan. â€Å"Sovereignty.† n.d. The Stanford Encyclopedea of Philosophy(Summer 2010 Edition). Web. Schumaker, Paul. The Political Theory Reader. West Sussex: Blackwell Publishing, 2010.

Frank Lloyd Wrights Plan for a Fireproof House

Frank Lloyd Wright's Plan for a Fireproof House Perhaps it was the 1906 earthquake and great fire in San Francisco that eventually inspired Frank Lloyd Wrights April 1907 Ladies Home Journal (LHJ) article, A Fireproof House for $5000. Dutch-born Edward Bok, LHJ editor-in-chief from 1889 to 1919, saw great promise in Wrights early designs. In 1901 Bok published Wrights plans for A Home in a Prairie Town and A Small House with Lots of Room in It. The articles, including the fireproof house, included sketches and floor plans designed exclusively for the LHJ. Its no wonder that the journal was the first magazine in the world to have one million subscribers. The design for the fireproof house is very Wright- simple and modern, somewhere between Prairie style and Usonian. By 1910 Wright was comparing what he called the concrete house of The Ladies Home Journal with his other flat-roofed, concrete projects, including Unity Temple. Characteristics of Wrights 1907 Fireproof House Simple Design: The floor plan shows a typical American Foursquare, popular at the time. With four sides of equal dimensions, concrete forms could be made once and used four times. To give the house visual width or depth, a simple trellis has been added, extending from the entrance. Center stairs near the entrance provide easy access to all parts of the house. This house is designed with no attic, but includes a dry, well-lighted basement storeroom. Concrete Construction: Wright was a great promoter of reinforced concrete construction- especially as it became more affordable for homeowners. Changing industrial conditions have brought reenforced concrete construction within the reach of the average home-maker, Wright claims in the article. The steel and masonry material provides not only fire protection, but also protection from dampness, heat, and cold. A structure of this type is more enduring than if carved intact from solid stone, for it is not only a masonry monolith but interlaced with steel fibres as well. For those unfamiliar with the process of working with this building material, Wright described that you make the forms using narrow flooring smoothed on the side toward the concrete and oiled. This would make the surface smooth. Wright wrote: In the composition of the concrete for the outside walls only finely-screened birds-eye gravel is used with cement enough added to fill the voids. This mixture is put into the boxes quite dry and tamped. When the forms are removed the outside is washed with a solution of hydrochloric acid, which cuts the cement from the outer face of the pebbles, and the whole surface glistens like a piece of grey granite. Flat, Concrete Slab Roof: The walls, floors and roof of this house, writes Wright, are monolithic casting, formed in the usual manner by means of wooden, false work, the chimney at the centre carrying, like a huge post, the central load of floor and roof construction. Five-inch thick reinforced gravel concrete creates fireproof floors and a roof slab that overhangs to protect the walls. The roof is treated with tar and gravel and  angled to drain not over the cold edges of the house, but into a downspout near the winter-warm center chimney. Closable Eaves: Wright explains that To afford further protection to the second-story rooms from the heat of the sun a false ceiling is provided of plastered metal lath hanging eight inches below the bottom of the roof slab, leaving a circulating air space above, exhausted to the large open space in the centre of the chimney. Controlling the air circulation in this space (by a simple device reached from the second-story windows) is a familiar system used today in fire-prone areas- left open in summer and closed in winter and for protection from blowing embers. Plaster Interior Walls: All the interior partitions are of metal lath plastered both sides, writes Wright, or of three-inch tile set upon the floor slabs after the reinforced concrete construction is complete. After coating the inside surfaces of the outside concrete walls with a non-conducting paint, or lining them with a plaster-board, the whole is plastered two coats with a rough sand finish. The interior is trimmed with light wood strips nailed to small, porous terra-cotta blocks, which are set into the forms at the proper points before the forms are filled with the concrete. Metal Windows: Wrights design for a fireproof house includes casement windows, swinging outward....The outer sash might at no very great additional expense be made of metal. Minimal Landscaping: Frank Lloyd Wright fully believed that his design could stand on its own. As an added grace in summer foliage and flowers are arranged for as a decorative feature of the design, the only ornamentation. In winter the building is well proportioned and complete without them. Known Examples of Frank Lloyd Wright Fireproof Houses 1908: Stockman Museum, Mason City, Iowa1915: Edmund F. Brigham House, Glencoe, Illinois1915: Emil Bach House, Chicago, Illinois Resources and Further Reading Edward Bok, Bok Tower Gardens National Historic Landmark website Frank Lloyd Wright On Architecture: Selected Writings (1894-1940), Frederick Gutheim, ed., Grossets Universal Library, 1941, p. 75 A Fireproof House for $5000, by Frank Lloyd Wright, Ladies Home Journal, April 1907, p. 24. A copy of the article was on the website of the Stockman House Museum, River City Society for Historic Preservation, Mason City, IA at www.stockmanhouse.org/lhj.html [accessed August 20, 2012]Visit the Emil Bach House at gowright.org/visit/bachhouse.html, Frank Lloyd Wright Preservation TrustGlencoes Notable Architecture, The Village of Glencoe; Antique Home Style has reproduced A Fireproof House for $5000 [accessed October 5, 2013]

Why are there relatively few women in top managerial positions and Essay

Why are there relatively few women in top managerial positions and what steps might be taken to overcome the obstacles they face - Essay Example Gender discrimination, bias, sexual harassment, cultural, social and conventional factors all led women not to prefer management career line. This work analyses what measures can be taken in order to bring women in to the management mainstream. People think ‘men’ when they think of ‘management’ has been discussed for long by researchers, managements and organizations. Historically, the social attitudes towards ‘women management’ had prohibited most women from becoming managers in functional areas of management. The assumption that women are not as better suited for management traits as men had been, until recently, rarely questioned and seldom explored. Even though most perceive that not only men but women are also capable of management traits, why there are few women in management has been a matter of relevant discussion. This work analyses the reasons why there are few women in management positions and what measures need to be taken in order to bring women managers in to the mainstream. Surveys and researches conducted throughout different countries have proved that women in management are fewer disproportionately to the rate of population and education. There continues to be a great disparity in women representation in management when compared to the number of women educated. Women around the world now represent about more than 40% of the total workforce, but their roles in management and leadership remained comparatively low. According to Sanghamitra Buddhapriya (1999), organizational roles have been traditionally gendered. Certain levels and positions have been considered to be more appropriate to women or men. The gendered aspect made men with occupying dominance over women. (p. 3). Those who have reached some higher level managerial positions are constantly being challenged by ever changing working environment. For women managers and leaders, the affirmation and support from a larger community remains still uncommon. Three

Methodology and Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Methodology and Analysis - Essay Example In effect, the researcher employed the use of comprehensive literature review to serve the purpose of qualitative data collection. For the quantitative method, the researcher made use of primary data collection, which required the collection of first hand data from an identified research setting. The research setting comprised the IT systems development environment where the researcher made use of IT students, IT engineers, IT employees, and other IT experts. The primary data collection took place by designing a questionnaire, which contained questions on various thematic areas, relating to the purpose of the study. There were two major components of the questionnaire. The first sought to collect general background data or information on the respondents. Examples of these had to do with their nationality, years of experience in the field of IT and their role in software system. The second part contained questions on the actual hypotheses that the researcher was testing. ... This means that when repeated with the same variables, the research must produce the same results within different locations or settings. Now, with the combination of questionnaire and literature review, the researcher was offered the opportunity of testing the results gathered through primary data collection with data from secondary sources. In effect, it was possible to internally check for consistency of responses and how they conformed to universally accepted standards. With the questionnaire as an independent data collection tool, the advantage that it offered the researcher was that it made quantitative data analysis very easy. This is because almost all the questions posed were closed ended questions, requiring the respondents to select their answers from given options (Kimberly, 2009). This way, it was possible to easily quantify the answers into mathematical indexes. What is more, the literature review was very useful in collecting highly authenticated data because options o f researchers were compared and contrasted with each other before making personalized conclusions to suit the research problem. 3.3 Shortfalls of other available Research Methods Apart from the use of literature review and questionnaire, there are other research methodologies that the researcher could employ in the data collection process. However, these were not selected because they do not pose merits and advantages that surpassed the ones that the questionnaire and literature review offered. Two of these research methodologies that the researcher could fall on are interview and field observation. An interview is a question and answer session that a

Ethics Training in Criminal Justice Organisations

Ethics Training in Criminal Justice Organisations Significance Application in Criminal Justice Law enforcement organizations nationwide adhere to strict hiring standards mandated by certification commissions that seek out individuals with the highest moral values (Fortenbery, 2015). Its important to have individuals that will be able to treat individuals with the respect they are due, regardless of the situation. It is stated that police seek and preserve public favor not by catering to the public opinion but by constantly demonstrating absolute impartial service to the law (Fortenbery, 2015). Officers should be able to uphold as well as obey the laws that they are trying to enforce. There is an importance to make sure that these officers receive ethics training to stay on course with the guidelines of dealing with ethical behavior within their profession. And true, due to the fact that we are dealing with human beings, there is a chance of corruption and unethical behavior. So with that being said, the organization as a whole, needs to make sure they are doing what is necessa ry to decrease unethical behavior as well as misconduct. Well when it comes to creating strategies that will be accountable for ethical training, this should be an easy task. As we should know, values have a way of influencing ones attitude as do ones attitude can bear influence on ones behavior (Kerns, 2003). So when it comes to strategies, these values should be incorporated. To begin, having wisdom and knowledge is being able to use information you have and make it useful. Wisdom comes into play when you can use knowledgeable information to make decisions that will result in the greater good. Basically, to do the right thing when facing an ethical dilemma is knowing what to do, knowing the difference between right and wrong (Kerns, 2003). Then there is the strategy of self-control. This simply means that an individual can control themselves in an ethical manner to keep a situation in control. In other words, they dont get hot headed and blow of the handle. Next, one will need justice and fair guidance. With this strategy, an individual must treat others fairly. When others have the feeling of being treated fairly, justice at that moment is served. One must realize that people just want a fair chance. They dont want to be judged due to a technicality that others feel a certain way about them. People do make mistakes because as we all know; no one is perfect. Transcendence would be another strategy to enforce. You as an individual would have to understand that there is something greater than just you alone. Simply put, you are putting institutional and/or stakeholders interest above self-interests. The individual will also need to be able to show love and kindness. Treating people in a kind way helps increase an abundance of affection and love. This too will lead to recognizing and encouraging others for their contributions (Kerns, 2003). Finally, the individual needs to have courage and integrity. Ethics requires the courage to do the r ight things consistently without regard to personal consequences. One will be able to make unpopular decisions based on fair consideration of the facts (Kerns, 2003). When it comes to an organization creating expectations for moral conduct, this is a task that most can handle. Moral conduct is the principal of human behavior that promotes orderly and peaceful existence in a community as well as in the workplace. Once and individual has accepted a position within an organization, they are given moral conduct guidelines and rules. Within these guidelines, it precisely explains the dos and the donts of an organization. Individuals are normally given some sort of merit raises when all these guidelines are followed as well as other goals are also achieved. Basically, your supervisor will explain to you what they expect from you from the start. You are also given guidelines as to the way employees should carry themselves while on the campus of that organization. You are also explained the consequences of your actions that are not in accordance with the conduct. So at this point, there is not any reason one should be doing things that are not allowed acc ording to organizations rules. The organization itself will inform you that they are keeping tabs on how you carry yourself and as well as how you respond to others. This is a way to keep all employees on the same page and for them to also be aware that monitoring of your moral conduct is crucial. The organization has to make sure that all rules are followed and that their customers and upper management are receiving quality service from their employees. As we know, when your work with an organization, in order to get raises, you have to perform well. In order to get this achieved, there has to be a program evaluation set in place. This evaluation is a systematic assessment of the results of program efforts to measure actual outcomes against the intended outcomes of the program; to discover achievement and results; to discover deviations from planned achievements; to judge the worth of the program; to identify unintended consequences; and to recommend expansion, contraction, elimination, or modification of a program (Kirchner, Przybylski, Cardella, 1994). Being able to measure the impact of job performances when it comes to the relation of the goals and objectives they have set out to achieve, means there must be performance indicators involved. These indicators are defined as a way of showing the results of the effort expected. These indicators may be quantitative or qualitative. A quantitative indicator can be expressed as a single measure or a degree of change. Qualitative indicators can be used where quantitative measures are not feasible (Kirchner, Przybylski, Cardella, 1994). With this evaluation in place, leaders will be able to see the areas that have improved as well as the areas that need improving. They will also be able to keep track of each employees status based off the information that has been retained for these individuals. On down the line, the department itself will be able to weed out the good ones as well as the ones that would not be a good fit for the department. This will also help the department run much smoo ther as well as with order in place. People within will be able to provide more useful behavior than the negativity of unwanted behavior. In conclusion, it is the upmost of importance to have an agency that carries the upmost respect for its community. For the people of the community to have respect, the agency must be able to show it. The main goal is to basically treat people the way you want to be treated. And in return for the agency providing a good job, the employees should be rewarded for a job well done. For the most part, the agency will get the recognition it deserves. References Fortenbery, Jay, M.J.A., (2015). Developing Ethical Law Enforcement Leaders: A Plan of  Action. Federal Bureau of Investigation. Retrieved from https://leb.fbi.gov/2015/may/developing-ethical-law-enforcement-leaders-a-plan-of-action Kerns, Charles D. (2003). Creating and Sustaining and Ethical Workplace Culture. Graziadio  Business Review. Retrieved from https://gbr.pepperdine.edu/2010/08/creating-and-sustaining-an-ethical-workplace-culture/ Kirchner, R., Przybylski, R., Cardella, R. (1994). Assessing the Effectiveness of Criminal  Justice Programs. Retrieved from http://www.jrsa.org/pubs/reports/handbook1.html

Aifs Case Havard Business School Essay

1. What gives rise to the currency exposure at AIFS? 2. What would happen if Archer-Lock and Tabaczynski did not hedge at all? 3. What would happen with a 100% hedge with forwards? A 100% hedge with options? Use the forecast final sales volume of 25,000 and analyze the possible outcomes relative to the ‘zero impact’ scenario described in the case. complete the spreadsheet.. 4. What happens if sales volumes are lower or higher than expected as outlined at the end of the case? 5. What hedging decision would you advocate? ANS 1: American Institute for foreign Study (AIFS) had two divisions. 1. The College division, 2. High School travel division. From the college division the students are sent to different parts of the world for semester long courses. From the second division the high school students as well as their teachers are sent for 1-4 week trips worldwide. More than 50000 students are sent out of the country each year on academic as well as cultural exchange programmes. For these two events AIFS requires different currencies other than American dollars. When AIFS got major percentage of its revenue in American Dollars it has to expend most in Euros and British Pounds. If there will be any exchange rate volatility, there will be currency mismatch. This gives currency exposure at AIFS. Ans-2 If Archer-Lock and Tabaczynski would not hedge at all, they had to face the below three risks. i) Bottom line risk: When there will be an adverse move of the exchange rate, there may be an increase in the cost base. If dollar depreciates, they have to pay more for unit dollar of Euro. ii) Volume Risk: They have to buy foreign currency six months before keeping some predicted value of future sales in mind. If the actual value differs from the predicted one, there may be a chance of loss. iii) Competitive pricing risk: They fix their price through the catalog and once price is fixed it difficult to change the price even if there may be a depreciation of dollars. This may result in a huge loss to their business. Ans-3: Refer excel-sheet :QUES-3† Ans-4: Refer excel sheet: â€Å"4-Sales Volume 30000† and â€Å"4-Sales Volume 10000† Ans-5 According to Tabaczynski, the probability of the times that one gains from how the hedging is done, is same as one may losing by doing so in the long run. Hedging by options is a better way to do so as in adverse situations you will only lose the premium amount you have paid. At the same time the company has not to pay any premium and may be benefitted by using futures, but there is a fear of huge loss that can be avoided by using options. So we will advice AIFS to hedge 50% with options and 50% with futures. In this hedging, the loss from the one type of hedging will be compensated by the other to some extent.